thumb|Young Housewife, Oil on canvas. The Russian Museum, [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg, Russia.]]Housewife is a term used to describe a married woman with household responsibilities who is not employed outside the home. Merriam Webster describes a housewife as a married woman who is in charge of her household. Homemaker is a mainly American gender-neutral synonym for a housewife or a stay-at-home dad.

Housewife is also a term first used in the 18th century to refer to a sewing or mending kit where people usually kept toiletries, and is still used to describe a soldier's personal sewing kit. It is now a developed term, which we use in modern day to describe the working class, stay-at-home wife.

Multicultural norms

In rural studies, the word "housewife" is occasionally used to refer to the person who does the majority of the chores within a farm's compound as opposed to field and livestock work.

India

Being a diverse country, India has different approaches in different ethnic groups.

In a Hindu family, the head of the family is the ''Griha Swami'' and his wife is the ''Griha Swamini''. The Sanskrit words ''Grihast'' and ''Grihasta'' perhaps come closest to describing the entire gamut of activities and roles undertaken by the householder or housewife. ''Grih'' is the Sanskrit root for house or home; Grihasta and Grihast are derivatives of this root, as is Grihastya. The couple lives in the state called ''Grihastashram'' or family system and together they nurture the family and help its members (both young and old) through the travails of life. They are a housewife team. The woman who increments the family tree and protects the procreated wealth of the family is described as the ''Grihalakshmi'' (the wealth of the house) and ''Grihashoba'' (the glory of the house). The elders of the family are known as ''Grihshreshta''. The husband or wife may engage in countless other activities which may be social, religious, political or economic in nature for the ultimate welfare of the family and society. However, their unified status as a householder or housewife is the nucleus from within which they operate in society. This 'status', as housewives, anchors them in society and provides meaning to their activities within the social, religious, political and economic framework of their world. However, as India is modernising, lots of women are in employment, particularly in the larger cities such as Bombay or Delhi, where most women will work.

In Muslim families, use of the term housewife (or its equivalent) is uncommon, even though housewives are very common and stay-at-home husbands are extremely rare. Muslim society sets different expectations for the husband and wife, but respects their individuality. Families are generally viewed as sets and not units.

China

In imperial China (excluding periods of the Tang dynasty when women had higher status in society), women were bound to homemaking by the doctrines of Confucianism and cultural norms. Generally, girls did not attend school and, therefore, spent the day following their mothers and female relatives in household chores (for example, cooking and cleaning), which would assist them after their marriages. In most cases, the husband was alive and able to work, so the wife was almost always forbidden to take a job and mainly spent her days at home or doing other domestic tasks. As Confucianism spread across East Asia, this social norm was also observed in Korea, Japan and Vietnam.

After the founding of the Republic of China in 1911, these norms were gradually loosened and many women were able to enter the workforce. Shortly thereafter, a growing number of females began to be permitted to attend schools; China's literacy rate rose to 85% for females in just a few years' time. Starting with the rule of the People's Republic of China in 1949, all women were freed from compulsory family roles. During the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution, some women were required by the government to do heavy work that they were not physically suited for. This policy was later abolished.

In modern China, housewives are no longer as common, especially in the largest cities and other urban areas. Nearly all women work simply because one person's income is insufficient to support the family, a decision made easier by the fact that it is common for Chinese grandparents to watch after their grandchildren until they are old enough to go to school. Nonetheless, the number of Chinese housewives has been steadily rising in recent years as China's economy expands.

Formal education

In previous decades, there were a large number of mandatory courses for young women to learn the skills of housework. In high school, courses included sewing, cooking, nutrition, home economics, family and consumer science (also known as F.A.C.S) and food and cooking hygiene. More recently, these courses have been mostly abolished, and many women in high school and college would be more likely to explore resources on the more academic topics of child development, child psychology and managing children's behaviour.

Modern mothers

Some contemporary women are leaving the paid workforce and concentrating full-time on child-rearing; particularly through their child(ren)'s early years (before entering kindergarten). There is considerable variability within the stay-at-home mother population with regard to their intent to return to the paid workforce. Some plan to work from their homes, some will do part-time work, some intend to return to part or full-time work when their children have reached school age, some may increase their skill sets by returning to higher education, and others may find it economically feasible to refrain from entering (or re-entering) the paid workforce.

Similarly, there is considerable variation in the stay-at-home mother's (SAHM) attitude towards domestic work not related to caring for children. Some may embrace a traditional role of housewife, cooking and cleaning in addition to caring for children. Others see their primary role as that of child-care providers, supporting their children's physical, intellectual, and emotional development while sharing or outsourcing other aspects of home care

Economics

Some feminists as well as certain non-feminist economists (particularly proponents of historical materialism) also point out that the monetary contribution of housewives' work to society is ignored in standard formulations of economic output, such as GDP or employment figures. Housewives work many unrecorded hours a week, while depending on their husbands' employment to provide health insurance and household income.

See also

Gender roles in agriculture

Good Wife's Guide

Home and family blog

Soccer mom

References

Further reading

Campbell, D'Ann. ''Women at War with America: Private Lives in a Patriotic Era'' (1984), on World War II

Draznin, Yaffa Claire. ''Victorian London's Middle-Class Housewife: What She Did All Day'' (2001) 227pp

McMillan, James F. ''Housewife or Harlot: The Place of Women in French Society, 1870-1940'' (1981) 229pp

Ogden, Annegret S. ''The Great American Housewife: From Helpmate to Wage Earner, 1776-1986'' (1987)

Palmer, Phyllis. ''Housewives and Domestic Servants in the United States, 1920-1945.'' (1990)

Ramey, Valerie A., “Time Spent in Home Production in the Twentieth-Century United States: New Estimates from Old Data,” ''Journal of Economic History,'' 69 (March 2009), 1–47.

Robertson, Una A. ''Illustrated History of the Housewife, 1650-1950'' (1997) 218pp on Britain

Sim, Alison. ''Tudor Housewife,'' (1996), on 1480 to 1609

Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher. ''Good Wives: Image and Reality in the Lives of Women in Northern New England, 1650-1750'' (1982)

External links

Home Economics Archive: Tradition, Research, History (HEARTH), An e-book collection of over 1,000 classic books on home economics spanning 1850 to 1950, created by Cornell University's Mann Library.

Category:Home economics Category:Marriage

ar:ربة منزل de:Hausfrau es:Ama de casa eo:Dommastrumado fa:خانه‌داری fr:Femme au foyer he:עקרת בית nl:Huisvrouw ja:主婦 pt:Dona-de-casa simple:Homemaker sv:Hemmafru tr:Ev hanımı zh:家庭主婦

name	Jay Brannan
background	solo_singer
born	March 29, 1982
instrument	Singing, guitar
genre	Singer-songwriter
years active	2006–present
label	Great Depression Records
website	jaybrannan.com
notable instruments	}}

Jay Brannan (born March 29, 1982) is an American singer-songwriter and actor. He was born in Texas and briefly studied in Ohio, but moved to California to become an actor. Brannan appeared in the 2006 movie ''Shortbus'', which included one of his songs in its soundtrack, and began to build a fan base by performing on YouTube. He released an EP and acted in ''Holding Trevor'' in 2007. Since then, he has toured and released two albums.

Early life and career

Brannan was born 1982 in Texas in a middle-class family and grew up as the son of a petroleum engineer and a teacher. He described his family as conservative Baptists and discussed their difficulty with accepting his homosexuality. Brannan went to college for one semester in Cincinnati, Ohio, and went to California, first to Palm Springs and later to Los Angeles, trying to become an actor. In 2002, he was shown a casting notice and, after the end of a relationship, moved to New York City and submitted an audition tape.

Brannan was cast in 2003 for the movie ''Shortbus'', which featured him in an explicit sex scene, and worked as a proofreader and in other jobs to support himself. He contributed the song "Soda Shop" to the film's soundtrack, which he stated was his "first professionally recorded track". The song was also released on Team Love Records. Brannan began to record sparse music videos for YouTube, accompanying himself on the guitar, and built an international fan base without corporate sponsorship, using MySpace and Blogspot. In 2007, he appeared in the movie ''Holding Trevor'' as the promiscuous best friend of the protagonist, and released a limited-edition EP with fours songs named ''disasterpiece'' or ''Unmastered'', adding two additional songs for a 2008 re-release.

In July 2008, Brannan released the album ''goddamned'' through his own label, Great Depression Records, and toured ten dates, a departure from his previous practice of short tours of about four concerts. The same year, Brannan left his proofreading job and sustained himself with earnings from concerts and merchandise. His second album, ''In Living Cover'', was released in 2009 and reached number ten on the ''Billboard'' Top Heatseekers chart for the week of July 25, 2009. Brannan promoted the album in an interview on ABC News's ''Now'' in July 2009.

Style

Brannan is a tenor. Allmusic described his style as contemporary singer-songwriter and compared him to female artists, including Ani DiFranco, Lisa Loeb, Sinéad O'Connor, and Liz Phair. ''Goddamned'' was described as lo-fi and Brannan compared his concerts to intimate performances in his home. He has performed with Terra Naomi and both were compared in style and described as performing indie folk. ''The New York Times'' stated in 2006 that Brannan was sometimes compared to singer-songwriter Rufus Wainwright and that Brannan saw himself as echoing the angry and sad sound of female singers like Tracy Chapman and Joni Mitchell.

Discography

;EPs

''Unmastered'' (aka ''disasterpiece'') (2007, re-released 2008 with additional tracks)

;Albums

''Goddamned'' (2008)

''In Living Cover'' (2009)

;Songs

"Soda Shop" (track on the 2006 ''Shortbus'' soundtrack)

"Lower My Gun" (track on the 2008 ''Holding Trevor'' soundtrack)

Filmography

''Shortbus'' as Ceth (2006)

''Holding Trevor'' as Jake (2007)

References

External links

jaybrannan.com. Official website.

Category:1982 births Category:Living people Category:Actors from Texas Category:American film actors Category:American singer-songwriters Category:American tenors Category:Bedroom musicians Category:Singers from New York City

bg:Джей Бренън de:Jay Brannan es:Jay Brannan fr:Jay Brannan id:Jay Brannan it:Jay Brannan nl:Jay Brannan no:Jay Brannan pl:Jay Brannan pt:Jay Brannan ru:Брэннан, Джей sv:Jay Brannan zh:杰伊·布兰南

name	Laura Bush |
birth date	November 04, 1946|
birth place	Midland, Texas|
occupation	Author, Teacher, Librarian, First Lady|
order1	First Lady of the United States|
term start1	January 20, 2001|
term end1	January 20, 2009|
predecessor1	Hillary Rodham Clinton|
successor1	Michelle Obama|
order2	First Lady of Texas|
term start2	January 17, 1995|
term end2	December 21, 2000| predecessor2 Rita Crocker Clements|
successor2	Anita Thigpen Perry|
alma mater	Southern Methodist University (SMU) University of Texas at Austin|
religion	United Methodist|
spouse	George W. Bush (m. 1977-present)
children	Barbara Pierce Bush (b.1981) Jenna Bush Hager (b.1981)|
relations	Harold Welch (father) and Jenna Hawkins (mother)|
signature	Laura Bush signature.svg| }}

Laura Lane Welch Bush (born November 4, 1946) is the wife of the 43rd President of the United States, George W. Bush. She was the First Lady of the United States from January 20, 2001 to January 20, 2009. She has held a love of books and reading since childhood and her life and education have reflected that interest. She graduated from Southern Methodist University in 1968 with a bachelor's degree in education and soon took a job as a second grade school teacher. After attaining her Master's degree in Library Science at the University of Texas at Austin, she was employed as a librarian. She met George Walker Bush in 1977 and they were married later that year. The couple had twin daughters born to them in 1981.

Bush's political involvement began with her marriage. She campaigned during her husband's unsuccessful 1978 run for the United States Congress and later his successful Texas gubernatorial campaign. As First Lady of Texas, Bush implemented many initiatives focused on health, education, and literacy. In 1999, she aided her husband in campaigning for the presidency of the United States in a number of ways, most notably delivering a keynote address at the 2000 Republican National Convention, which gained her national attention. She became first lady of the United States after her husband defeated Democrat Al Gore in the controversial 2000 election.

Polled by Gallup as one of the most popular first ladies, Laura Bush was involved in topics of both national and global concern during her tenure. She continued to advance her trademark interests of education and literacy by establishing the semi-annual National Book Festival in 2001 and encouraged education on a worldwide scale. She also advanced women's causes through The Heart Truth and Susan G. Komen for the Cure. She represented the United States during her foreign trips, which tended to focus on HIV/AIDS and malaria awareness. In May 2010, Bush released her memoir, ''Spoken from the Heart'', in conjunction with a national tour.

Early life and career

Laura Bush was born in Midland, Texas, as the only child of Harold Welch (1912–1995) and Jenna Louise Hawkins Welch (born 1919). Her father was a home builder and later successful real estate developer while her mother worked as the bookkeeper for her father's business. Early on, her parents encouraged her to read, leading to what would become her love of reading. She said, "I learned [how important reading is] at home from my mother. When I was a little girl, my mother would read stories to me. I have loved books and going to the library ever since. In the summer, I liked to spend afternoons reading in the library. I enjoyed the ''Little House on the Prairie'' books and ''Little Women'', and many others... Reading gives you enjoyment throughout your life."

She attended James Bowie Elementary School, San Jacinto Junior High School, and Robert E. Lee High School in Midland. She graduated from Lee in 1964 and went on to attend Southern Methodist University in Dallas where she was a member of Kappa Alpha Theta. She graduated in 1968 with a Bachelor of Science degree in education.

On the night of November 6, 1963, Laura Welch ran a stop sign, causing a fatal car accident that killed her friend in another car. The driver of the other car was her close friend and classmate Michael Dutton Douglas. By some accounts, he had been Welch's boyfriend at one time. Welch and her passenger, both 17, were treated for minor injuries. According to the accident report released by the city of Midland in 2000, in response to an open-records request, she was not charged in the incident. Bush's spokesman said, "It was a very tragic accident that deeply affected the families and was very painful for all involved, including the community at large." In her book ''Spoken from the Heart'', she says that the accident caused her to lose her faith "for many, many years".

After graduating from SMU, she began her career as a second grade school teacher at Longfellow Elementary School in the Dallas Independent School District. She then taught for three years at John F. Kennedy Elementary School, a Houston Independent School District school in Houston, until 1972.

In 1973, Welch attained a Master of Science degree in Library Science from the University of Texas at Austin. She was soon employed as a librarian at the Kashmere Gardens Branch at the Houston Public Library. The following year, she moved back to Austin and took another job as a librarian in the Austin Independent School District school Dawson Elementary until 1977. She reflected on her employment experiences to a group of children in 2003, saying, "I worked as a teacher and librarian and I learned how important reading is in school and in life."

Marriage and family

She met George W. Bush in July 1977 when mutual friends John and Jan O'Neill invited her and Bush to a backyard barbecue at their home. He proposed to her at the end of September and they were married on November 5 of that year at the First United Methodist Church in Midland, the same church in which she had been baptized. Laura bought a tan, two-toned dress off the rack for the wedding. The couple honeymooned in Cozumel, Mexico.

The year after their marriage, the couple began campaigning for George W. Bush's 1978 Congressional candidacy. According to George Bush, when he asked her to marry him, she had said, "Yes. But only if you promise me that I'll never have to make a campaign speech." She soon relented, and gave her first stump speech for him in 1978 on the courthouse steps in Muleshoe, Texas. After narrowly winning the primary, he lost the general election.

The Bushes had tried to conceive for three years, but pregnancy did not happen easily. On November 25, 1981, Laura Bush gave birth to twin daughters, Barbara and Jenna. She is also credited with having a stabilizing effect on his private life. According to ''People'' magazine reporter Jane Simms Podesta, "She is the steel in his back. She is a civilizing influence on him. I think she built him, in many ways, into the person he is today."

Several times a year, Bush and her husband travel to their sprawling family estate, the Bush compound, better known as Walker's Point. Located in Kennebunkport, Maine, the compound is where Bush family gatherings have been held for nearly 100 years.

First Lady of Texas

Bush became the First Lady of Texas when her husband was elected as the Governor of Texas and served as first lady of that state from January 17, 1995, to December 21, 2000. Asked about her interest in politics, she responded, "It doesn't drive me."

Though during her years in the Governor's Mansion, she did not hold a single formal event, Laura worked for women's and children's causes including health, education, and literacy. She implemented four major initiatives: Take Time For Kids, an awareness campaign to educate parents and caregivers on parenting; family literacy, through cooperation with the Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy, she urged Texas communities to establish family literacy programs; Reach Out and Read, a pediatric reading program; and Ready to Read, an early childhood educational program.

She raised money for public libraries through her establishment of the Texas Book Festival, and established the First Lady's Family Literacy Initiative, which encouraged families to read together. Bush further established "Rainbow Rooms" across the state, in an effort to provide emergency services for neglected or abused children. Through this, she promoted the Adopt-a-Caseworker Program to provide support for Child Protective Services. She used her position to advocate Alzheimer's disease and breast cancer awareness as well.

Her husband announced his campaign for President of the United States in mid-1999, something that she agreed to. She did say, however, that she had never dreamed that he would run for office. In July, she delivered a keynote address to the delegates at the 2000 Republican National Convention, which put her on the national stage. In December 2000, her husband resigned as Governor of Texas to prepare for his inauguration as President of the United States in January 2001.

First Lady of the United States

As First Lady, Bush was involved in issues of concern to children and women, both nationally and internationally. Her major initiatives included education and women's health.

Education and children

Early into the administration, Bush made it known that she would focus much of her attention on education. This included recruiting highly qualified teachers to ensure that young children would be taught well. She also focused on early child development. In 2001, to promote reading and education, she partnered with the Library of Congress to launch the annual National Book Festival. To promote American patriotic heritage in schools, she helped launch the National Anthem Project.

Immediately following the September 11, 2001 attacks; Bush spoke regarding America's children:

"[W]e need to reassure our children that they are safe in their homes and schools. We need to reassure them that many people love them and care for them, and that while there are some bad people in the world, there are many more good people."

The following day, she composed open letters to America's families, focusing on elementary and middle school students, which she distributed through state education officials. She took an interest in mitigating the emotional effects of the attacks on children, particularly the disturbing images repeatedly replayed on television. On the one-year anniversary, she encouraged parents to instead read to their children, and perhaps light a candle in memoriam, saying, "Don't let your children see the images, especially on September 11, when you know it'll probably be on television again and again — the plane hitting the building or the buildings falling."

Later in her tenure, she was honored by the United Nations, as the body named her honorary ambassador for the United Nations' Decade of Literacy. In this position, she announced that she would host a Conference on Global Literacy. The conference, held in September 2006, encouraged a constant effort to promote literacy and highlighted many successful literacy programs. She coordinated this as a result of her many trips abroad where she witnessed how literacy benefited children in poorer nations.

Women's health

Another of her signature issues were those relating to the health and well being of women. She established the Women's Health and Wellness Initiative and became involved with two major campaigns.

Bush first became involved with The Heart Truth awareness campaign in 2003. It is an organization established by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute to raise awareness about heart disease in women, and how to prevent the condition. She serves in the honorary position of ambassador for the program leading the federal government's effort to give women a "wake up call" about the risk of heart disease. She commented on the disease: "Like many women, I assumed heart disease was a man's disease and cancer was what we would fear the most. Yet heart disease kills more women in our country than all forms of cancer combined. When it comes to heart disease, education, prevention, and even a little red dress can save lives." She has undertaken a signature personal element of traveling around the country and talking to women at hospital and community events featuring the experiences of women who live, or had lived, with the condition. This outreach was credited with saving the life of one woman who went to the hospital after experiencing symptoms of a heart attack.

With her predecessor, former First Lady Nancy Reagan, Bush dedicated the First Ladies Red Dress Collection at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in May 2005. It is an exhibit containing red suits worn by former First Ladies Lady Bird Johnson, Betty Ford, Rosalynn Carter, Nancy Reagan, Barbara Bush, Hillary Clinton, and Laura Bush meant to raise awareness by highlighting America's first ladies. She has participated in fashion shows displaying red dresses worn on celebrities as well.

Bush's mother, Jenna Welch, was diagnosed with breast cancer at the age of 78. She endured surgery and currently has no further signs of cancer. Laura Bush has become a breast cancer activist on her mother's behalf through her involvement in the Susan G. Komen for the Cure. She applauded the foundation's efforts in eliminating cancer and said, "A few short years ago, a diagnosis of breast cancer left little hope of recovery. But thanks to the work of the Komen Foundation... more women and men are beating breast cancer and beating the odds." She used her position to gain international support for the foundation through the Partnership for Breast Cancer Awareness and Research of the Americas, an initiative that unites experts from the United States, Brazil, Costa Rica and Mexico.

In November 2001, she became the first person other than a president to deliver the weekly presidential radio address. She used the opportunity to discuss the plight of women in Afghanistan during the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, saying, "The brutal oppression of women is a central goal of the terrorists." In May 2002, she made a speech to the people of Afghanistan through Radio Liberty, a radio station in Prague, Czech Republic.

Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health

In August 2007, the Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health (LWBIWH) within the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center was approved. This institute began the effort to establish a multi-campus women's health institute in Amarillo, El Paso, Lubbock and the Permian Basin. The institute seeks to integrate research, education and community outreach in a multidisciplinary approach to women’s health.

Named for Bush's mother, the Jenna Welch Women’s Center of the LWBIWH, opened in Midland, Texas, on August 10, 2010, to deliver expert medical care for women and their families. Operating in partnership with LWBIWH, the Jenna Welch Women's Center strives for excellence in research, education and community outreach.

Popularity and style

Laura Bush's approval ratings have consistently ranked very high. In January 2006, a ''USA Today''/CBS/Gallup poll recorded her approval rating at 82 percent and disapproval at 13 percent. That places Bush as one of the most popular first ladies. Former White House Press Secretary Ari Fleischer said, "She is more popular, and more welcome, in many parts of the country than the president... In races where the moderates are in the most trouble, Laura Bush is the one who can do the most good."

She disagreed with Fox News' Chris Wallace in 2006 when Wallace asked why the American people were beginning to lose confidence in President Bush, saying, "Well, I don't think they are. And I don't really believe those polls. I travel around the country, I see people, I see their response to my husband, I see their response to me. There are a lot of difficult challenges right now in the United States... All of those decisions that the President has to make surrounding each one of these very difficult challenges are hard. They're hard decisions to make. And of course some people are unhappy about what some of those decisions are. But I think people know that he is doing what he thinks is right for the United States, that he's doing what he — especially in the war on terror, what he thinks he is obligated to do for the people in the United States, and that is to protect them... When his polls were really high they weren't on the front page."

During the January 2005 second inauguration ceremonies for her husband, Laura Bush was looked highly upon by ''People'' magazine, ''The Washington Post'', and others for her elegance and fashion sense. At the inauguration she wore a winter white cashmere dress and matching coat designed by Oscar de la Renta. Following the inauguration were the inaugural galas, to which Bush wore a pale, aqua lace gown, sprinkled with crystals, with long sleeves in a silver blue mist. The tulle gown was also designed for her by de la Renta. According to ''The Washington Post'', "[I]t made her look radiant and glamorous."

Foreign trips

During President George W. Bush's second term, Laura was more involved in foreign matters. She traveled to numerous countries as a representative of the United States.

As First Lady, she took five goodwill trips to Africa. The purpose of these has mostly been to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS and malaria, but Bush has also stressed the need for education and greater opportunities for women. She has taken many other trips to other countries to promote and gain support for President Bush's Emergency Plan for AIDS relief; these countries include Zambia (2007), Mozambique (2007), Mali (2007), Senegal (2007), and Haiti (2008).

In mid-2007, she took a trip to Burma where she spoke out in support of the pro-democracy movement, and urged Burmese soldiers and militias to refrain from violence. Later that October, she ventured to the Middle East. Bush said she was in the region in an attempt to improve America's image by highlighting concern for women's health, specifically promoting her breast cancer awareness work with the US-Middle East Partnership for Breast Cancer Awareness and Research. She defined the trip as successful, saying that stereotypes were broken on both sides.

Views on policy

Bush is a Republican and has identified herself with that party since her marriage.

When asked about abortion in 2000, Bush said she doesn't believe that ''Roe v. Wade'' should be overturned. She did not comment on whether women had the right to an abortion. She did say, however, that the country should do "what we can to limit the number of abortions, to try to reduce the number of abortions in a lot of ways, and that is, by talking about responsibility with girls and boys, by teaching abstinence, having abstinence classes everywhere in schools and in churches and in Sunday school."

Bush responded to a question during a 2006 interview concerning the Federal Marriage Amendment by calling for elected leaders not to politicize same-sex marriage: "I don't think it should be used as a campaign tool, obviously. It requires a lot of sensitivity to just talk about the issue... a lot of sensitivity."

On July 12, 2005, while in South Africa, Bush suggested her husband replace retiring Supreme Court justice Sandra Day O'Connor with another woman. On October 2, during a private dinner at the White House with Laura, President Bush nominated Harriet Miers to replace O'Connor. Later that month, after Miers had faced intense criticism, Laura Bush questioned whether the charges were sexist in nature.

On May 11, 2010, during an interview on ''Larry King Live'', Bush was asked about same-sex marriage. She said she views it as a generational issue and said she believes it will be made legal in the future. Bush offered support for the issue by saying, "...when couples are committed to each other and love each other...they ought to have the same sort of rights that everyone has." Bush referred to her 2000 interview, reaffirming her support for ''Roe v. Wade'': "I think it's important that [abortion] remain legal. Because I think it's important for people - that for medical reasons and, and other reasons."

Awards and honors

During her tenure as the First Lady, Laura Bush received a number of awards and honors. In October 2002, the Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity honored her in recognition of her efforts on behalf of education and the American Library Association honored her for her years of support to America's libraries and librarians in April 2005. The Progressive Librarians Guild opposed her being honored, because of her support of the USA PATRIOT Act and her cancellation of a poetry forum due to concern that some of the poets would express opposition to the war in Iraq.

She received an award in honor of her dedication to help improve the living conditions and education of children around the world, from the Kuwait-American Foundation in March 2006. She accepted The Nichols-Chancellor's Medal on behalf of disaster relief workers around the world in May 2006 from Vanderbilt University.

Four learning facilities have been named for her: the Laura Welch Bush Elementary School in Houston, Texas, the Laura W. Bush Elementary School in the Leander ISD just outside Austin, Texas, and the Laura Bush Education Center at Camp Bondsteel, a U.S. military base in Kosovo and the Laura Bush Middle School in Lubbock, Texas. She was awarded the 2008 Christian Freedom International Freedom Award.

She is portrayed by Elizabeth Banks in Oliver Stone's film ''W.''

Curtis Sittenfeld's bestseller novel "American Wife" is based on much of Laura Bush's life.

References

Further reading

Felix, Antonia. ''Laura: America's First Lady, First Mother.'' The first biography on Laura Bush. ISBN 1-58062-659-9

Gerhart, Ann. ''The Perfect Wife: The Life and Choices of Laura Bush.'' A biography. ISBN 0-7432-4383-8

Gormley, Beatrice. ''Laura Bush: America's First Lady.'' A biography. ISBN 0-689-85366-1

Kelley, Kitty. ''The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty.'' ISBN 0-385-50324-5

Kessler, Ronald. ''Laura Bush: An Intimate Portrait of the First Lady.'' A biography. ISBN 0-385-51621-5

Montgomery, Leslie. ''Were It Not For Grace: Stories From Women After God's Own Heart; Featuring Condoleezza Rice, First Lady Laura Bush, Beth Moore & Others.'' Laura Bush shares her story about how God has had his hand on her life. ISBN 0-8054-3178-0

External links

First Lady biography at Whitehouse.gov

"The book on Laura Bush" by Dennis B. Roddy, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette

"A Laura Bush we don't know" by Eugene Robinson, San Francisco Chronicle

US-Middle East Partnership for Breast Cancer Awareness and Research

Laura Bush Interview About Life After The White House, Reinvention Convention Broadway.tv Blog

Category:Laura Bush Category:1946 births Category:American librarians Category:American Methodists Category:American schoolteachers Category:Bush family Category:First Ladies of the United States Category:Living people Category:People from Midland, Texas Category:Southern Methodist University alumni Category:First Ladies and Gentlemen of Texas Category:University of Texas at Austin alumni Category:United Methodists

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name	Kyle Richards
birth name	Kyle Egan Richards
birth date	January 11, 1969
birth place	Hollywood, CA
occupation	Actress and Television Personality
yearsactive	1974-present
spouse	Guraish Aldjufrie (1988-1992)Mauricio Umansky (1996 - present)
website	}}

Kyle Egan Richards (born January 11, 1969) is an American actress and television personality. She is known for coming back into television with her sister Kim Richards on Bravo's The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills.

Early life

Richards was born in Hollywood, California, the daughter of Sharon Kathleen (née Dugan; 1933–2002) and Kenneth Edwin Richards (1917–1998). The couple separated in 1972 and Kathleen later remarried twice. Richards' siblings are actresses Kathy Hilton (her older half sister from her mother's first marriage to Lawrence Avanzino; born 1959) and Kim Richards (born 1964). Socialites Nicky and Paris Hilton are her nieces.

Career

Richards began acting in 1975. She appeared in several episodes of the television series ''Little House on the Prairie'' playing Mr. Edward's adopted daughter, Alicia Sanderson Edwards. Her sister Kim, also appeared on the series, playing Laura's friend with a bad limp, Olga.

Throughout the 1970s, Richards appeared in several television series and in horror films: ''The Car'', ''Eaten Alive'', and ''Halloween'' in which she played Lindsey Wallace, one of the two children Laurie Strode babysits. In 1980, she appeared opposite Bette Davis and Lynn-Holly Johnson in the Disney children's horror film, ''The Watcher in the Woods'', playing a terrorized young girl. Most of her 1980s roles were minor, and included made-for-television or video work.

Her recent acting roles include playing the part of Nurse Dori on the hit television series, ''ER'' and playing Lisa, a supporting character in the film ''National Lampoon's Pledge This!'' She has also appeared in episodes of her niece Paris Hilton's reality series ''The Simple Life'' and ''My New BFF''.

Kyle appeared in the Bravo reality series ''The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills'', which aired from October 2010 through February 2011. It has been made official that she and her sister Kim Richards are returning for a second season with the rest of the cast.

Personal life

Richards has been married twice and has four daughers ranging in age from three to twenty-three.

Richards' second husband is Mauricio Umansky, a native of Mexico; the couple have three daughters: Alexia (born 1996), Sophia (born 1999), and Portia (born 2008). Richards has another daughter, Farrah (born 1988), from a previous marriage with Guraish Aldjufrie when she was only eighteen. Richards, who is of Irish and Welsh descent, converted to Judaism when she married Umansky.

Filmography

''Halloween (1978 film) ''The Watcher in the Woods'' ''Halloween II'' ''Curfew'' ''Escape (1990 film) ''Pledge This!'' Real Housewives of Beverly HillsDeadly Sibling Rivalry

Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
rowspan="2"	1977	''The Car''	Debbie
''Eaten Alive''	Angie
1978 in film	1978	Halloween'' ||	Lindsey Wallace
1980 in film	1980	|	Ellie Curtis
1981 in film	1981	|	Lindsey Wallace	Archival footage
1989 in film	1989	|	Stephanie Davenport
1990 in film	1990	Escape'' ||	Lydia
2006 in film	2006	|	Lisa
2010	|	Herself
2011	|	Tricia

Television appearances

''ER'' (1998–2006)- Nurse Dori (21 episodes)

''7th Heaven'' (2003)- Matt's Patient (1 episode)

''Beverly Hills, 90210'' (1999)- Anna Murphy (1 episode)

''Love Boat: The Next Wave'' (1998)- Scheming Women (1 episode)

''Nick Freno: Licensed Teacher'' (1998)- Unknown (1 episode)

''Down to Earth'' (1984–1985) - Elizabeth "Lissy" Preston (12 episodes)

''CHiPS'' (1982)- Jodi (1 episode)

''Little House on the Prairie'' (1975–1982) - Alicia Sanderson Edwards (recurring) (19 episodes)

''Concrete Cowboys'' (1981) - Isobel (1 episode)

''Carter Country'' (1979)- Gerry (4 episodes)

''Fantasy Island - "Cornelius and Alfonse" and "The Choice" - Season 2 Episode 23 - 1979'' (1979) - The little girl Rebecca (1 episode)

''Vega$'' (1979)- Julie Travis (1 episode)

''Flying High'' (1978)- Katie (1 episode)

''Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color'' (1978)- Naomi (1 episode)

''Police Woman'' (1974)- Julie (1 episode)

References

External links

Kyle Richards Online

Kyle Richards finalist in Real Housewives of Beverly Hills

Category:1969 births Category:Actors from California Category:American child actors Category:American film actors Category:American television actors Category:Living people Category:Participants in American reality television series Category:People from Hollywood

it:Kyle Richards nl:Kyle Richards

name	Andy Warhol
birth name	Andrew Warhola
birth date	August 06, 1928
birth place	Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US
death date	February 22, 1987
death place	New York City, US
nationality	American
field	Painting, Cinema
training	Carnegie Mellon University
movement	Pop art
works	''Chelsea Girls'' (1966 film)''Exploding Plastic Inevitable'' (1966 event)''Campbell's Soup Cans'' (1962 painting)
signature	Andy Warhol signature.svg }}

Andrew Warhola, Jr. (August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987), known as Andy Warhol, was an American painter, printmaker, and filmmaker who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art. After a successful career as a commercial illustrator, Warhol became famous worldwide for his work as a painter, avant-garde filmmaker, record producer, author, and member of highly diverse social circles that included Bohemian street people, distinguished intellectuals, Hollywood celebrities and wealthy patrons.

Warhol has been the subject of numerous retrospective exhibitions, books, and feature and documentary films. He coined the widely used expression "15 minutes of fame." In his hometown of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, The Andy Warhol Museum exists in memory of his life and artwork.

The highest price ever paid for a Warhol painting is US$100 million for a 1963 canvas titled ''Eight Elvises.'' The private transaction was reported in a 2009 article in ''The Economist'', which described Warhol as the "bellwether of the art market." $100 million is a benchmark price that only Jackson Pollock, Pablo Picasso, Vincent van Gogh, Pierre-August Renoir, Gustav Klimt and Willem de Kooning have achieved.

Childhood (1928–48)

Andy Warhol was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on August 6, 1928. He was the fourth child of Ondrej Varchola (americanized as Andrej Warhola), who died in 1942, and Júlia (née Zavacká, 1892–1972), whose first child was born in their homeland and died before their move to the U.S. His parents were working-class Rusynemigrants from Mikó (now called Miková), located in today’s northeastern Slovakia, part of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire. Warhol's father immigrated to the US in 1914, and his mother joined him in 1921, after the death of Warhol's grandparents. Warhol's father worked in a coal mine. The family lived at 55 Beelen Street and later at 3252 Dawson Street in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh. The family was Byzantine Catholic and attended St. John Chrysostom Byzantine Catholic Church. Andy Warhol had two older brothers – Pavol (Paul), the oldest, was born in Slovakia; Ján was born in Pittsburgh. Pavol's son, James Warhola, became a successful children's book illustrator.

In third grade, Warhol had chorea, the nervous system disease that causes involuntary movements of the extremities, which is believed to be a complication of scarlet fever and causes skin pigmentation blotchiness. He became a hypochondriac, developing a fear of hospitals and doctors. Often bed-ridden as a child, he became an outcast at school and bonded with his mother. At times when he was confined to bed, he drew, listened to the radio and collected pictures of movie stars around his bed. Warhol later described this period as very important in the development of his personality, skill-set and preferences. When Warhol was 13, his father died in an accident.

Commercial art (1949–61)

Warhol showed early artistic talent and studied commercial art at the School of Fine Arts at Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, (now Carnegie Mellon University). In 1949, he moved to New York City and began a career in magazine illustration and advertising. During the 1950s, he gained fame for his whimsical ink drawings of shoe advertisements. These were done in a loose, blotted-ink style, and figured in some of his earliest showings at the Bodley Gallery in New York. With the concurrent rapid expansion of the record industry and the introduction of the vinyl record, Hi-Fi, and stereophonic recordings, RCA Records hired Warhol, along with another freelance artist, Sid Maurer, to design album covers and promotional materials.

Fine art (1952–67)

He began exhibiting his work during the 1950s. He held exhibitions at the Hugo Gallery, and the Bodley Gallery in New York City and in California his first one-man art-gallery exhibition was on July 9, 1962, in the Ferus Gallery of Los Angeles. The exhibition marked his West Coast debut of pop art. Andy Warhol's first New York solo pop art exhibition was hosted at Eleanor Ward's Stable Gallery November 6–24, 1962. The exhibit included the works ''Marilyn Diptych'', ''100 Soup Cans'', ''100 Coke Bottles'' and ''100 Dollar Bills''. At the Stable Gallery exhibit, the artist met for the first time poet John Giorno who would star in Warhol's first film, ''Sleep'', in 1963. It was during the 1960s that Warhol began to make paintings of iconic American products such as Campbell's Soup Cans and Coca-Cola bottles, as well as paintings of celebrities such as Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, Troy Donahue, Muhammad Ali and Elizabeth Taylor. He founded "The Factory," his studio during these years, and gathered around himself a wide range of artists, writers, musicians, and underground celebrities. He began producing prints using the silkscreen method His work became popular and controversial.

Among the imagery tackled by Warhol were dollar bills, celebrities and brand name products. He also used as imagery for his paintings. Newspaper headlines or photographs of mushroom clouds, electric chairs, and police dogs attacking civil rights protesters. Warhol also used Coca Cola bottles as subject matter for paintings. He had this to say about Coca Cola:

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New York's Museum of Modern Art hosted a Symposium on pop art in December 1962 during which artists like Warhol were attacked for "capitulating" to consumerism. Critics were scandalized by Warhol's open embrace of market culture. This symposium set the tone for Warhol's reception. Throughout the decade it became more and more clear that there had been a profound change in the culture of the art world, and that Warhol was at the center of that shift.

A pivotal event was the 1964 exhibit ''The American Supermarket'', a show held in Paul Bianchini's Upper East Side gallery. The show was presented as a typical U.S. small supermarket environment, except that everything in it – from the produce, canned goods, meat, posters on the wall, etc. – was created by six prominent pop artists of the time, among them the controversial (and like-minded) Billy Apple, Mary Inman, and Robert Watts. Warhol's painting of a can of Campbell's soup cost $1,500 while each autographed can sold for $6. The exhibit was one of the first mass events that directly confronted the general public with both pop art and the perennial question of what art is (or of what is art and what is not). As an advertisement illustrator in the 1950s, Warhol used assistants to increase his productivity. Collaboration would remain a defining (and controversial) aspect of his working methods throughout his career; in the 1960s, however, this was particularly true. One of the most important collaborators during this period was Gerard Malanga. Malanga assisted the artist with producing silkscreens, films, sculpture, and other works at "The Factory," Warhol's aluminum foil-and-silver-paint-lined studio on 47th Street (later moved to Broadway). Other members of Warhol's Factory crowd included Freddie Herko, Ondine, Ronald Tavel, Mary Woronov, Billy Name, and Brigid Berlin (from whom he apparently got the idea to tape-record his phone conversations).

During the '60s, Warhol also groomed a retinue of bohemian eccentrics upon whom he bestowed the designation "Superstars", including Nico, Joe Dallesandro, Edie Sedgwick, Viva, Ultra Violet, Holly Woodlawn, Jackie Curtis and Candy Darling. These people all participated in the Factory films, and some – like Berlin – remained friends with Warhol until his death. Important figures in the New York underground art/cinema world, such as writer John Giorno and film-maker Jack Smith, also appear in Warhol films of the 1960s, revealing Warhol's connections to a diverse range of artistic scenes during this time.

Attempted murder (1968)

On June 3, 1968, Valerie Solanas shot Warhol and art critic and curator Mario Amaya at Warhol's studio. Before the shooting, Solanas had been a marginal figure in the Factory scene. She authored the ''S.C.U.M. Manifesto'', a separatist feminist attack on males. Solanas appears in the 1968 Warhol film ''I, a Man''. Earlier on the day of the attack, Solanas had been turned away from the Factory after asking for the return of a script she had given to Warhol. The script, apparently, had been misplaced.

Amaya received only minor injuries and was released from the hospital later the same day. Warhol however, was seriously wounded by the attack and barely survived (surgeons opened his chest and massaged his heart to help stimulate its movement again). He suffered physical effects for the rest of his life. The shooting had a profound effect on Warhol's life and art.

Solanas was arrested the day after the assault. By way of explanation, she said that Warhol "had too much control over my life." She was eventually sentenced to three years under the control of the Department of Corrections. After the shooting, the Factory scene became much more tightly controlled, and for many the "Factory 60s" ended. The shooting was mostly overshadowed in the media due to the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy two days later.

Warhol had this to say about the attack: "Before I was shot, I always thought that I was more half-there than all-there – I always suspected that I was watching TV instead of living life. People sometimes say that the way things happen in movies is unreal, but actually it's the way things happen in life that's unreal. The movies make emotions look so strong and real, whereas when things really do happen to you, it's like watching television – you don't feel anything. Right when I was being shot and ever since, I knew that I was watching television. The channels switch, but it's all television."

1970s

Compared to the success and scandal of Warhol's work in the 1960s, the 1970s were a much quieter decade, as Warhol became more entrepreneurial. According to Bob Colacello, Warhol devoted much of his time to rounding up new, rich patrons for portrait commissions– including Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, his wife Empress Farah Pahlavi, his sister Princess Ashraf Pahlavi, Mick Jagger, Liza Minnelli, John Lennon, Diana Ross, and Brigitte Bardot. Warhol's famous portrait of Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong was created in 1973. He also founded, with Gerard Malanga, ''Interview'' magazine, and published ''The Philosophy of Andy Warhol'' (1975). An idea expressed in the book: "Making money is art, and working is art and good business is the best art."

Warhol used to socialize at various nightspots in New York City, including Max's Kansas City; and, later in the '70s, Studio 54. He was generally regarded as quiet, shy, and a meticulous observer. Art critic Robert Hughes called him "the white mole of Union Square."

1980s

Warhol had a re-emergence of critical and financial success in the 1980s, partially due to his affiliation and friendships with a number of prolific younger artists, who were dominating the "bull market" of '80s New York art: Jean-Michel Basquiat, Julian Schnabel, David Salle and other so-called Neo-Expressionists, as well as members of the Transavantgarde movement in Europe, including Francesco Clemente and Enzo Cucchi.

During this time Warhol created the Michael Jackson painting signifying his success attributed to his best-selling album ''Thriller''.

By this period, Warhol was being criticized for becoming merely a "business artist". In 1979, reviewers disliked his exhibits of portraits of 1970s personalities and celebrities, calling them superficial, facile and commercial, with no depth or indication of the significance of the subjects. They also criticized his 1980 exhibit of 10 portraits at the Jewish Museum in New York, entitled ''Jewish Geniuses'', which Warhol – who was uninterested in Judaism and Jews – had described in his diary as "They're going to sell." In hindsight, however, some critics have come to view Warhol's superficiality and commerciality as "the most brilliant mirror of our times," contending that "Warhol had captured something irresistible about the zeitgeist of American culture in the 1970s."

Warhol also had an appreciation for intense Hollywood glamour. He once said: "I love Los Angeles. I love Hollywood. They're so beautiful. Everything's plastic, but I love plastic. I want to be plastic."

Death

Warhol died in New York City at 6:32 a.m. on February 22, 1987. According to news reports, he had been making good recovery from a routine gallbladder surgery at New York Hospital before dying in his sleep from a sudden post-operative cardiac arrhythmia. Prior to his diagnosis and operation, Warhol delayed having his recurring gallbladder problems checked, as he was afraid to enter hospitals and see doctors. His family sued the hospital for inadequate care, saying that the arrhythmia was caused by improper care and water intoxication.

Warhol's body was taken back to Pittsburgh by his brothers for burial. The wake was at Thomas P. Kunsak Funeral Home and was an open-coffin ceremony. The coffin was a solid bronze casket with gold plated rails and white upholstery. Warhol was dressed in a black cashmere suit, a paisley tie, a platinum wig, and sunglasses. He was posed holding a small prayer book and a red rose. The funeral liturgy was held at the Holy Ghost Byzantine Catholic Church on Pittsburgh's North Side. The eulogy was given by Monsignor Peter Tay. Yoko Ono also made an appearance. The coffin was covered with white roses and asparagus ferns. After the liturgy, the coffin was driven to St. John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic Cemetery in Bethel Park, a south suburb of Pittsburgh. At the grave, the priest said a brief prayer and sprinkled holy water on the casket. Before the coffin was lowered, Paige Powell dropped a copy of ''Interview'' magazine, an ''Interview'' t-shirt, and a bottle of the Estee Lauder perfume "Beautiful" into the grave. Warhol was buried next to his mother and father. A memorial service was held in Manhattan for Warhol on April 1, 1987, at St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York.

Warhol's will dictated that his entire estate – with the exception of a few modest legacies to family members – would go to create a foundation dedicated to the "advancement of the visual arts". Warhol had so many possessions that it took Sotheby's nine days to auction his estate after his death; the auction grossed more than US$20 million.

In 1987, in accordance with Warhol's will, the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts began. The Foundation serves as the official Estate of Andy Warhol, but also has a mission "to foster innovative artistic expression and the creative process" and is "focused primarily on supporting work of a challenging and often experimental nature."

The Artists Rights Society is the U.S. copyright representative for the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts for all Warhol works with the exception of Warhol film stills. The U.S. copyright representative for Warhol film stills is the Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh. Additionally, the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts has agreements in place for its image archive. All digital images of Warhol are exclusively managed by Corbis, while all transparency images of Warhol are managed by Art Resource.

The Andy Warhol Foundation released its 20th Anniversary Annual Report as a three-volume set in 2007: Vol. I, 1987–2007; Vol. II, Grants & Exhibitions; and Vol. III, Legacy Program. The Foundation remains one of the largest grant-giving organizations for the visual arts in the U.S.

Works

Paintings

By the beginning of the 1960s, Warhol had become a very successful commercial illustrator. His detailed and elegant drawings for I. Miller shoes were particularly popular. They consisted mainly of "blotted ink" drawings (or monoprints), a technique which he applied in much of his early art. Although many artists of this period worked in commercial art, most did so discreetly. Warhol was so successful, however, that his profile as an illustrator seemed to undermine his efforts to be taken seriously as an artist.

Pop art was an experimental form that several artists were independently adopting; some of these pioneers, such as Roy Lichtenstein, would later become synonymous with the movement. Warhol, who would become famous as the "Pope of Pop", turned to this new style, where popular subjects could be part of the artist's palette. His early paintings show images taken from cartoons and advertisements, hand-painted with paint drips. Those drips emulated the style of successful abstract expressionists (such as Willem de Kooning). Warhol's first pop art paintings were displayed in April 1961, serving as the backdrop for New York Department Store Bronwit Teller's window display. This was the same stage his Pop Art contemporaries Jasper Johns, James Rosenquist and Robert Rauschenberg had also once graced. Eventually, Warhol pared his image vocabulary down to the icon itself – to brand names, celebrities, dollar signs – and removed all traces of the artist's "hand" in the production of his paintings.

To him, part of defining a niche was defining his subject matter. Cartoons were already being used by Lichtenstein, typography by Jasper Johns, and so on; Warhol wanted a distinguishing subject. His friends suggested he should paint the things he loved the most. It was the gallerist Muriel Latow who came up with the ideas for both the soup cans and Warhol's dollar paintings. On 23 November 1961 Warhol wrote Latow a check for $50 which, according to the 2009 Warhol biography, ''Pop, The Genius of Warhol'', was payment for coming up with the idea of the soup cans as subject matter. For his first major exhibition Warhol painted his famous cans of Campbell's Soup, which he claimed to have had for lunch for most of his life. The work sold for $10,000 at an auction on November 17, 1971, at Sotheby's New York – a minimal amount for the artist whose paintings sell for over $6 million more recently.

He loved celebrities, so he painted them as well. From these beginnings he developed his later style and subjects. Instead of working on a signature subject matter, as he started out to do, he worked more and more on a signature style, slowly eliminating the hand-made from the artistic process. Warhol frequently used silk-screening; his later drawings were traced from slide projections. At the height of his fame as a painter, Warhol had several assistants who produced his silk-screen multiples, following his directions to make different versions and variations.

In 1979, Warhol was commissioned by BMW to paint a Group 4 race version of the then elite supercar BMW M1 for the fourth installment in the BMW Art Car Project. Unlike the three artists before him, Warhol declined the use of a small scale practice model, instead opting to immediately paint directly onto the full scale automobile. It was indicated that Warhol spent only a total of 23 minutes to paint the entire car.

Warhol produced both comic and serious works; his subject could be a soup can or an electric chair. Warhol used the same techniques– silkscreens, reproduced serially, and often painted with bright colors – whether he painted celebrities, everyday objects, or images of suicide, car crashes, and disasters, as in the 1962–63 ''Death and Disaster'' series. The ''Death and Disaster'' paintings included ''Red Car Crash'', ''Purple Jumping Man'', and ''Orange Disaster.''

The unifying element in Warhol's work is his deadpan Keatonesque style – artistically and personally affectless. This was mirrored by Warhol's own demeanor, as he often played "dumb" to the media, and refused to explain his work. The artist was famous for having said that all you need to know about him and his works is already there, "Just look at the surface of my paintings and films and me, and there I am. There's nothing behind it." His Rorschach inkblots are intended as pop comments on art and what art could be. His cow wallpaper (literally, wallpaper with a cow motif) and his oxidation paintings (canvases prepared with copper paint that was then oxidized with urine) are also noteworthy in this context. Equally noteworthy is the way these works – and their means of production – mirrored the atmosphere at Andy's New York "Factory". Biographer Bob Colacello provides some details on Andy's "piss paintings":

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Warhol's first portrait of ''Basquiat'' (1982) is a black photosilkscreen over an oxidized copper "piss painting".

After many years of silkscreen, oxidation, photography, etc., Warhol returned to painting with a brush in hand in a series of over 50 large collaborative works done with Jean-Michel Basquiat between 1984 and 1986. Despite negative criticism when these were first shown, Warhol called some of them "masterpieces," and they were influential for his later work.

The influence of the large collaborations with Basquiat can be seen in Warhol's ''The Last Supper'' cycle, his last and possibly his largest series, seen by some as "arguably his greatest," but by others as “wishy-washy, religiose” and “spiritless." It is also the largest series of religious-themed works by any U.S. artist.

At the time of his death, Warhol was working on ''Cars'', a series of paintings for Mercedes-Benz.

A self-portrait by Andy Warhol (1963-64), which sold in New York at the May Post-War and Contemporary evening sale in Christie's, fetched $38.4 million.

Films

Warhol worked across a wide range of media – painting, photography, drawing, and sculpture. In addition, he was a highly prolific filmmaker. Between 1963 and 1968, he made more than 60 films, plus some 500 short black-and-white "screen test" portraits of Factory visitors. One of his most famous films, ''Sleep'', monitors poet John Giorno sleeping for six hours. The 35-minute film ''Blow Job'' is one continuous shot of the face of DeVeren Bookwalter supposedly receiving oral sex from filmmaker Willard Maas, although the camera never tilts down to see this. Another, ''Empire'' (1964), consists of eight hours of footage of the Empire State Building in New York City at dusk. The film ''Eat'' consists of a man eating a mushroom for 45 minutes. Warhol attended the 1962 premiere of the static composition by LaMonte Young called ''Trio for Strings'' and subsequently created his famous series of static films including ''Kiss'', ''Eat'', and ''Sleep'' (for which Young initially was commissioned to provide music). Uwe Husslein cites filmmaker Jonas Mekas, who accompanied Warhol to the Trio premiere, and who claims Warhol's static films were directly inspired by the performance.

''Batman Dracula'' is a 1964 film that was produced and directed by Warhol, without the permission of DC Comics. It was screened only at his art exhibits. A fan of the Batman series, Warhol's movie was an "homage" to the series, and is considered the first appearance of a blatantly campy Batman. The film was until recently thought to have been lost, until scenes from the picture were shown at some length in the 2006 documentary ''Jack Smith and the Destruction of Atlantis''.

Warhol's 1965 film ''Vinyl'' is an adaptation of Anthony Burgess' popular dystopian novel ''A Clockwork Orange''. Others record improvised encounters between Factory regulars such as Brigid Berlin, Viva, Edie Sedgwick, Candy Darling, Holly Woodlawn, Ondine, Nico, and Jackie Curtis. Legendary underground artist Jack Smith appears in the film ''Camp''.

His most popular and critically successful film was ''Chelsea Girls'' (1966). The film was highly innovative in that it consisted of two 16 mm-films being projected simultaneously, with two different stories being shown in tandem. From the projection booth, the sound would be raised for one film to elucidate that "story" while it was lowered for the other. The multiplication of images evoked Warhol's seminal silk-screen works of the early 1960s.

Other important films include ''Bike Boy'', ''My Hustler'', and ''Lonesome Cowboys'', a raunchy pseudo-western. These and other titles document gay underground and camp culture, and continue to feature prominently in scholarship about sexuality and art. ''Blue Movie'' – a film in which Warhol superstar Viva makes love and fools around in bed with a man for 33 minutes of the film's playing-time – was Warhol's last film as director. The film was at the time scandalous for its frank approach to a sexual encounter. For many years Viva refused to allow it to be screened. It was publicly screened in New York in 2005 for the first time in over thirty years.

After his June 3, 1968, shooting, a reclusive Warhol relinquished his personal involvement in filmmaking. His acolyte and assistant director, Paul Morrissey, took over the film-making chores for the Factory collective, steering Warhol-branded cinema towards more mainstream, narrative-based, B-movie exploitation fare with ''Flesh'', ''Trash'', and ''Heat''. All of these films, including the later ''Andy Warhol's Dracula'' and ''Andy Warhol's Frankenstein'', were far more mainstream than anything Warhol as a director had attempted. These latter "Warhol" films starred Joe Dallesandro – more of a Morrissey star than a true Warhol superstar.

In the early '70s, most of the films directed by Warhol were pulled out of circulation by Warhol and the people around him who ran his business. After Warhol's death, the films were slowly restored by the Whitney Museum and are occasionally projected at museums and film festivals. Few of the Warhol-directed films are available on video or DVD.

Factory in New York

Factory: 1342 Lexington Avenue (the first Factory)

The Factory: 231 East 47th street 1963–1967 (the building no longer exists)

Factory: 33 Union Square 1967–1973 (Decker Building)

Factory: 860 Broadway (near 33 Union Square) 1973–1984 (the building has now been completely remodeled and was for a time (2000–2001) the headquarters of the dot-com consultancy Scient)

Factory: 22 East 33rd Street 1984–1987 (the building no longer exists)

Home: 1342 Lexington Avenue

Home: 57 East 66th street (Warhol's last home)

Last personal studio: 158 Madison Avenue

Filmography

The following are the films directed or produced by Andy Warhol.

1963 ''Andy Warhol Films Jack Smith Filming Normal Love'' ''Sarah-Soap'' ''Denis Deegan'' ''Kiss (film) ''Rollerskate/Dance Movie'' ''Jill and Freddy Dancing'' ''Elvis at Ferus'' ''Taylor and Me'' ''Tarzan and Jane Regained... Sort of'' ''Duchamp Opening'' ''Salome and Delilah'' ''Haircut No. 1'' ''Haircut No. 2'' ''Haircut No. 3'' ''Henry in Bathroom'' ''Taylor and John'' ''Bob Indiana, Etc.'' ''Billy Klüver (film) ''John Washing'' ''Naomi and John'' ''Screen Tests'' ''Naomi and Rufus Kiss'' ''Blow Job (film) ''Jill Johnston Dancing'' ''Shoulder (film) ''Eat (film) ''Dinner At Daley's'' ''Soap Opera (film) ''Batman Dracula'' ''Three (1964 film) ''Jane and Darius'' ''Couch (film) ''Empire (1964 film) ''Henry Geldzahler (film) ''Taylor Mead's Ass'' ''Six Months'' ''Mario Banana'' ''Harlot (film) ''Mario Montez Dances'' ''Isabel Wrist'' ''Imu and Son'' ''Allen (film) ''Philip and Gerard'' ''13 Most Beautiful Women'' ''13 Most Beautiful Boys'' ''50 Fantastics and 50 Personalities'' ''Pause (film) ''Messy Lives'' ''Lips (film) ''Apple (film) ''The End of Dawn'' ''John and Ivy'' ''Screen Test Number 1 (film) ''Screen Test Number 2 (film) ''The Life of Juanita Castro'' ''Drink (film) ''Suicide (film) ''Horse (film) ''Vinyl (1965 film) ''Bitch (film) ''Poor Little Rich Girl (1965 film) ''Face (1965 film) ''Restaurant (1965 film) ''Kitchen (film) ''Afternoon (film) ''Beauty No. 1'' ''Beauty No. 2'' ''Space (film) ''Factory Diaries ''Outer and Inner Space'' ''Prison (1965 film) ''The Fugs and The Holy Modal Rounders'' ''Paul Swan (film) ''My Hustler'' ''My Hustler II'' ''Camp (1965 film) ''More Milk, Yvette'' ''Lupe (film) ''The Closet (1965 film) ''Ari and Mario'' ''3 Min. Mary Might'' ''Eating Too Fast'' ''The Velvet Underground and Nico: A Symphony of Sound'' ''Hedy (film) ''Rick (1966 film) ''Withering Heights'' ''Paraphernalia (film) ''Whips (film) ''Salvador Dalí (film) ''The Beard (film) ''Superboy (1966 film) ''Patrick (1966 film) ''Chelsea Girls'' ''Bufferin (film) ''Bufferin Commercial'' ''Susan-Space'' ''The Velvet Underground Tarot Cards'' ''Nico/Antoine'' ''Marcel Duchamp (film) ''Dentist: Nico'' ''Ivy (1966 film) ''Denis (film) ''Ivy and Denis I'' ''Ivy and Denis II'' ''Tiger Hop'' ''The Andy Warhol Story'' ''Since (film) ''The Bob Dylan Story'' ''Mrs. Warhol'' ''Kiss the Boot'' ''Nancy Fish and Rodney'' ''Courtroom (film) ''Jail (Warhol film) ''Alien in Jail'' ''A Christmas Carol (1966 film) ''Four Stars (film) ''Imitation of Christ (film) ''Ed Hood'' ''Donyale Luna (film) ''I, a Man'' ''The Loves of Ondine'' ''Bike Boy'' ''Tub Girls'' ''The Nude Restaurant'' ''Construction-Destruction-Construction'' ''Sunset (1967 film) ''Withering Sighs'' ''Vibrations (film) ''Lonesome Cowboys (1968 film) ''San Diego Surf (film) ''Flesh (film) ''Blue Movie'' ''Trash (film) ''Women in Revolt'' ''Water (1971 film) ''Factory Diaries'' ''Heat (1972 film) ''L'Amour (film) ''Flesh for Frankenstein'' ''Blood for Dracula'' ''Vivian's Girls'' ''Nothing Special footage'' ''Fight (film) ''Andy Warhol's Bad''

Year !! Film !! Cast !! Notes
	|	Sleep (film)>Sleep''	John Giorno	Runtime of 320+ minutes
	1963	|||
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	1963	Kiss''||||
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	1963	Billy Klüver''||||
	1963	|||
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	1964	|||
	1964	|||
	1964	Blow Job''||	DeVeren Bookwalter	frames per second>frame/s, projected at 16 frame/s
	1964	|||
	1964	Shoulder''||||
	1964	Eat''||	Robert Indiana
	1964	|||
	1964	Soap Opera''||||
	1964	|||
	1964	Three''||||
	1964	|||
	1964	Couch''||||
	1964	Empire''||||Runtime of 8 hours 5 minutes
	1964	Henry Geldzahler''||||
	1964	|	Taylor Mead
	1964	|||
	1964	|||
	1964	Harlot''||||
	1964	|||
	1964	|||
	1964	|||
	1964	Allen''||||
	1964	|||
	1964	|||
	1964	|||
	1964	|||
	1964	Pause''||||
	1964	|||
	1964	Lips''||||
	1964	Apple''||||
	1964	|||
	1965	|||
	1965	Screen Test #1''||||
	1965	Screen Test #2''||||
	1965	|||
	1965	Drink''||||
	1965	Suicide''||||
	1965	Horse''||||
	1965	Vinyl''||||
	1965	Bitch''||||
	1965	Poor Little Rich Girl''||	Edie Sedgwick
	1965	Face''||||
	1965	Restaurant''||||
	1965	Kitchen''||||
	1965	Afternoon''||||
	1965	|	Edie Sedgwick
	1965	|	Edie Sedgwick
	1965	Space''||||
	1965	|||
	1965	|||
	1965	Prison''||||
	1965	|||
	1965	Paul Swan''||||
	1965	|||
	1965	|||
	1965	Camp''||||
	1965	|||
	1965	Lupe''||||
	1965	The Closet''||||
	1966	|||
	1966	|||
	1966	|||
	1966	|||
	1966	Hedy''||||
	1966	Rick''||||
	1966	|||
	1966	Paraphernalia''||||
	1966	Whips''||||
	1966	Salvador Dalí''||||
	1966	The Beard''||||
	1966	Superboy''||||
	1966	Patrick''||||
	1966	|||
	1966	Bufferin''||||
	1966	|||
	1966	|||
	1966	|||
	1966	|||
	1966	Marcel Duchamp''||||
	1966	|||
	1966	Ivy''||||
	1966	Denis''||||
	1966	|||
	1966	|||
	1966	|||
	1966	|||
	1966	Since''||||
	1966	|||
	1966	|||
	1966	|||
	1966	|||
	1966	Courtroom''||||
	1966	Jail''||||
	1966	|||
	1966	A Christmas Carol''||||
	1966	Four Stars aka ****''||||runtime of 25 hours
	1967	Imitation of Christ''||||
	1967	|||
	1967	Donyale Luna''||||
	1967	|||
	1967	|||
	1967	|||
	1967	|||
	1967	|||
	1967	|||
	1967	Sunset''||||
	1967	|||
	1967	Vibrations''||||
	1968	Lonesome Cowboys''||||
	1968	San Diego Surf''||||
	1968	Flesh''||||
	1969	|||
	1969	Trash''||	Joe Dallessandro, Holly Woodlawn
	1970	|||
	1971	Water''||||
	1971	|||
	1972	Heat''||||
	1973	L'Amour''||||
	1973	|||
	1974	|||
	1973	|||
	''Phoney''||||
	1975	|||
	1975	Fight''||||
	1977	|||

Music

In the mid 1960s, Warhol adopted the band the Velvet Underground, making them a crucial element of the Exploding Plastic Inevitable multimedia performance art show. Warhol, with Paul Morrissey, acted as the band's manager, introducing them to Nico (who would perform with the band at Warhol's request). In 1966 he "produced" their first album ''The Velvet Underground & Nico'', as well as providing its album art. His actual participation in the album's production amounted to simply paying for the studio time. After the band's first album, Warhol and band leader Lou Reed started to disagree more about the direction the band should take, and their artistic friendship ended. In 1989, after Warhol's death, Reed and John Cale re-united for the first time since 1972 to write, perform, record and release the concept album ''Songs for Drella'', a tribute to Warhol.

Warhol designed many album covers for various artists starting with the photographic cover of John Wallowitch's debut album, ''This Is John Wallowitch!!!'' (1964). He designed the cover art for the Rolling Stones albums ''Sticky Fingers'' (1971) and ''Love You Live'' (1977), and the John Cale albums ''The Academy in Peril'' (1972) and ''Honi Soit'' in 1981. In 1975, Warhol was commissioned to do several portraits of Mick Jagger, and in 1982 he designed the album cover for the Diana Ross album Silk Electric. One of his last works was a portrait of Aretha Franklin for the cover of her 1986 gold album ''Aretha'', which was done in the style of the ''Reigning Queens'' series he had completed the year before.

Warhol strongly influenced the New Wave/punk rock band Devo, as well as David Bowie. Bowie recorded a song called "Andy Warhol" for his 1971 album ''Hunky Dory''. Lou Reed wrote the song "Andy's Chest", about Valerie Solanas, the woman who shot Warhol, in 1968. He recorded it with the Velvet Underground, and this version was released on the VU album in 1985.

Books and print

Beginning in the early 1950s, Warhol produced several unbound portfolios of his work.

The first of several bound self-published books by Warhol was ''25 Cats Name Sam and One Blue Pussy'', printed in 1954 by Seymour Berlin on Arches brand watermarked paper using his blotted line technique for the lithographs. The original edition was limited to 190 numbered, hand colored copies, using Dr. Martin's ink washes. Most of these were given by Warhol as gifts to clients and friends. Copy #4, inscribed "Jerry" on the front cover and given to Geraldine Stutz, was used for a facsimile printing in 1987 and the original was auctioned in May 2006 for US $35,000 by Doyle New York.

Other self-published books by Warhol include:

''A Gold Book''

''Wild Raspberries''

''Holy Cats''

After gaining fame, Warhol "wrote" several books that were commercially published: ''a, A Novel'' (1968, ISBN 0-8021-3553-6) is a literal transcription– containing spelling errors and phonetically written background noise and mumbling– of audio recordings of Ondine and several of Andy Warhol's friends hanging out at the Factory, talking, going out. ''The Philosophy of Andy Warhol (From A to B & Back Again)'' (1975, ISBN 0-15-671720-4)– according to Pat Hackett's introduction to ''The Andy Warhol Diaries'', Pat Hackett did the transcriptions and text for the book based on daily phone conversations, sometimes (when Warhol was traveling) using audio cassettes that Andy Warhol gave her. Said cassettes contained conversations with Brigid Berlin (also known as Brigid Polk) and former ''Interview'' magazine editor Bob Colacello.

''Popism: The Warhol Sixties'' (1980, ISBN 0-15-672960-1), authored by Warhol and Pat Hackett is a retrospective view of the sixties and the role of pop art.

''The Andy Warhol Diaries'' (1989, ISBN 0-446-39138-7), edited by Pat Hackett, is a diary dictated by Warhol to Hackett in daily phone conversations. Warhol started the diary to keep track of his expenses after being audited, although it soon evolved to include his personal and cultural observations.

Warhol created the fashion magazine ''Interview'' that is still published today. The loopy title script on the cover is thought to be either his own handwriting or that of his mother, Julia Warhola, who would often do text work for his early commercial pieces.

Other media

Although Andy Warhol is most known for his paintings and films, he authored works in many different media. Drawing: Warhol started his career as a commercial illustrator, producing drawings in "blotted-ink" style for advertisements and magazine articles. Best known of these early works are his drawings of shoes. Some of his personal drawings were self-published in small booklets, such as ''Yum, Yum, Yum'' (about food), ''Ho, Ho, Ho'' (about Christmas) and (of course) ''Shoes, Shoes, Shoes''. His most artistically acclaimed book of drawings is probably ''A Gold Book'', compiled of sensitive drawings of young men. ''A Gold Book'' is so named because of the gold leaf that decorates its pages. Sculpture: Warhol's most famous sculpture is probably his ''Brillo Boxes'', silkscreened ink on wood replicas of Brillo soap pad boxes (designed by James Harvey), part of a series of "grocery carton" sculptures that also included Heinz ketchup and Campbell's tomato juice cases. Other famous works include the ''Silver Clouds''– helium filled, silver mylar, pillow-shaped balloons. A ''Silver Cloud'' was included in the traveling exhibition ''Air Art'' (1968–69) curated by Willoughby Sharp. ''Clouds'' was also adapted by Warhol for avant-garde choreographer Merce Cunningham's dance piece ''RainForest'' (1968). Audio: At one point Warhol carried a portable recorder with him wherever he went, taping everything everybody said and did. He referred to this device as his "wife". Some of these tapes were the basis for his literary work. Another audio-work of Warhol's was his "Invisible Sculpture", a presentation in which burglar alarms would go off when entering the room. Warhol's cooperation with the musicians of The Velvet Underground was driven by an expressed desire to become a music producer. Time Capsules: In 1973, Warhol began saving ephemera from his daily life– correspondence, newspapers, souvenirs, childhood objects, even used plane tickets and food– which was sealed in plain cardboard boxes dubbed Time Capsules. By the time of his death, the collection grew to include 600, individually dated "capsules". The boxes are now housed at the Andy Warhol Museum. Television: Andy Warhol dreamed of a television show that he wanted to call ''The Nothing Special'', a special about his favorite subject: Nothing. Later in his career he did create two cable television shows, ''Andy Warhol's TV'' in 1982 and ''Andy Warhol's Fifteen Minutes'' (based on his famous "fifteen minutes of fame" quotation) for MTV in 1986. Besides his own shows he regularly made guest appearances on other programs, including ''The Love Boat'' wherein a Midwestern wife (Marion Ross) fears Andy Warhol will reveal to her husband (Tom Bosley, who starred alongside Ross in sitcom ''Happy Days'') her secret past as a Warhol superstar named Marina del Rey. Warhol also produced a TV commercial for Schrafft's Restaurants in New York City, for an ice cream dessert appropriately titled the "Underground Sundae". Fashion: Warhol is quoted for having said: "I'd rather buy a dress and put it up on the wall, than put a painting, wouldn't you?" One of his most well-known Superstars, Edie Sedgwick, aspired to be a fashion designer, and his good friend Halston was a famous one. Warhol's work in fashion includes silkscreened dresses, a short sub-career as a catwalk-model and books on fashion as well as paintings with fashion (shoes) as a subject. Performance Art: Warhol and his friends staged theatrical multimedia happenings at parties and public venues, combining music, film, slide projections and even Gerard Malanga in an S&M outfit cracking a whip. The Exploding Plastic Inevitable in 1966 was the culmination of this area of his work. Theater: Andy Warhol's PORK opened on May 5, 1971 at LaMama theater in New York for a two week run and was brought to the Roundhouse in London for a longer run in August, 1971. Pork was based on tape-recorded conversations between Brigin Berlin and Andy during which Brigid would play for Andy tapes she had made of phone conversations between herself and her mother, socialite Honey Berlin. The play featured Jayne County as "Vulva" and Cherry Vanilla as "Amanda Pork". In 1974, Andy Warhol also produced the stage musical Man On The Moon, which was written by John Phillips of the Mamas and the Papas. Photography: To produce his silkscreens, Warhol made photographs or had them made by his friends and assistants. These pictures were mostly taken with a specific model of Polaroid camera that Polaroid kept in production especially for Warhol. This photographic approach to painting and his snapshot method of taking pictures has had a great effect on artistic photography. Warhol was an accomplished photographer, and took an enormous amount of photographs of Factory visitors, friends. Computer: Warhol used Amiga computers to generate digital art, which he helped design and build with Amiga, Inc. He also displayed the difference between slow fill and fast fill on live TV with Debbie Harry as a model. (video)

Producer and product

Warhol had assistance in producing his paintings. This is also true of his film-making and commercial enterprises.

He founded the gossip magazine ''Interview'', a stage for celebrities he "endorsed" and a business staffed by his friends. He collaborated with others on all of his books (some of which were written with Pat Hackett.) He adopted the young painter Jean-Michel Basquiat, and the band The Velvet Underground, presenting them to the public as his latest interest, and collaborating with them. One might even say that he produced people (as in the Warholian "Superstar" and the Warholian portrait). He endorsed products, appeared in commercials, and made frequent celebrity guest appearances on television shows and in films (he appeared in everything from ''Love Boat'' to ''Saturday Night Live'' and the Richard Pryor movie, ''Dynamite Chicken'').

In this respect Warhol was a fan of "Art Business" and "Business Art"– he, in fact, wrote about his interest in thinking about art as business in ''The Philosophy of Andy Warhol from A to B and Back Again''.

Personal life

Sexuality

It is thought that Warhol was homosexual, and quite likely a virgin. His family maintains that he was not homosexual and was celibate. The question of how Warhol's sexuality influenced his work and shaped his relationship to the art world is a major subject of scholarship on the artist and is an issue that Warhol himself addressed in interviews, in conversation with his contemporaries, and in his publications (''e.g.'' ''Popism: The Warhol Sixties''). Throughout his career, Warhol produced erotic photography and drawings of male nudes. Many of his most famous works (portraits of Liza Minnelli, Judy Garland, and Elizabeth Taylor, and films like ''Blow Job,'' ''My Hustler'' and ''Lonesome Cowboys'') draw from gay underground culture and/or openly explore the complexity of sexuality and desire. Many of his films premiered in gay porn theaters. The first works that he submitted to a fine art gallery, homoerotic drawings of male nudes, were rejected for being too openly gay. In ''Popism'', furthermore, the artist recalls a conversation with the film maker Emile de Antonio about the difficulty Warhol had being accepted socially by the then more famous (but closeted) gay artists Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg. De Antonio explained that Warhol was "too swish and that upsets them." In response to this, Warhol writes, "There was nothing I could say to that. It was all too true. So I decided I just wasn't going to care, because those were all the things that I didn't want to change anyway, that I didn't think I 'should' want to change... Other people could change their attitudes but not me". In exploring Warhol's biography, many turn to this period – the late 1950s and early 1960s – as a key moment in the development of his persona. Some have suggested that his frequent refusal to comment on his work, to speak about himself (confining himself in interviews to responses like "Um, no" and "Um, yes", and often allowing others to speak for him) – and even the evolution of his pop style – can be traced to the years when Warhol was first dismissed by the inner circles of the New York art world.

Religious beliefs

Warhol was a practicing Ruthenian Rite Catholic. He regularly volunteered at homeless shelters in New York, particularly during the busier times of the year, and described himself as a religious person. Many of Warhol's later works depicted religious subjects, including two series, ''Details of Renaissance Paintings'' (1984) and ''The Last Supper'' (1986). In addition, a body of religious-themed works was found posthumously in his estate.

During his life, Warhol regularly attended Mass, and the priest at Warhol's church, Saint Vincent Ferrer, said that the artist went there almost daily, although he was not observed taking communion or going to confession and sat or knelt in the pews at the back. The priest thought he was afraid of being recognized; Warhol said he was self-conscious about being seen in a Latin Rite church crossing himself "in the Orthodox way" (right to left instead of the reverse).

His art is noticeably influenced by the eastern Christian iconographic tradition which was so evident in his places of worship.

Warhol's brother has described the artist as "really religious, but he didn't want people to know about that because [it was] private". Despite the private nature of his faith, in Warhol's eulogy John Richardson depicted it as devout: "To my certain knowledge, he was responsible for at least one conversion. He took considerable pride in financing his nephew's studies for the priesthood".

Dedicated museums

Two museums are dedicated to Warhol. The Andy Warhol Museum, one of the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, is located at 117 Sandusky Street in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is the largest American art museum dedicated to a single artist, holding more than 12,000 works by the artist.

The other museum is the Andy Warhol Museum of Modern Art, established in 1991 by Warhol's brother John Warhola, the Slovak Ministry of Culture, and the Warhol Foundation in New York. It is located in the small town of Medzilaborce, Slovakia. Warhol's parents and his two eldest brothers were born 15 kilometres away in the village of Miková. The museum houses several originals donated mainly by the Andy Warhol Foundation in New York and also personal items donated by Warhol's relatives.

Movies about Warhol

;Dramatic portrayals

In 1979, Warhol appeared as himself in the film ''Cocaine Cowboys''.

After his passing, Warhol was portrayed by Crispin Glover in Oliver Stone's film ''The Doors'' (1991), by David Bowie in ''Basquiat'', a film by Julian Schnabel, and by Jared Harris in the film ''I Shot Andy Warhol'' directed by Mary Harron (1996). Warhol appears as a character in Michael Daugherty's 1997 opera ''Jackie O''. Actor Mark Bringleson makes a brief cameo as Warhol in ''Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery'' (1997). Many films by avant-garde cineast Jonas Mekas have caught the moments of Andy's life. Sean Gregory Sullivan depicted Warhol in the 1998 film ''54''. Guy Pearce portrayed Warhol in the 2007 film, ''Factory Girl'', about Edie Sedgwick's life. Actor Greg Travis portrays Warhol in a brief scene from the 2009 film ''Watchmen''.

Gus Van Sant was planning a version of Warhol's life with River Phoenix in the lead role just before Phoenix's death in 1993.

;Documentaries The 2001 documentary, ''Absolut Warhola'' was produced by Polish director Stanislaw Mucha, featuring Warhol's parents' family and hometown in Slovakia. ''Andy Warhol: A Documentary Film'' is a reverential four-hour 2006 movie by Ric Burns. ''Andy Warhol: Double Denied'' is a 52 minute movie by lan Yentob about the difficulties in authenticating Warhol's work.

See also

Andy Warhol Art Authentication Board

Painting the Century 101 Portrait Masterpieces 1900-2000

Andy Warhol Bridge in Pittsburgh.

Bodley Gallery

15 minutes of fame

Moon Museum

References

Further reading

"A symposium on Pop Art". ''Arts Magazine'', April 1963, pp. 36–45. The symposium was held in 1962, at The Museum of Modern Art, and published in this issue the following year.

Doyle, Jennifer, Jonathan Flatley, and José Esteban Muñoz eds. (1996). ''Pop Out: Queer Warhol.'' Durham: Duke University Press.

Foster, Hal, ''The Return of the Real'' (ch.5), MIT Press / October Book, 1996.

James, James, "Andy Warhol: The Producer as Author", in ''Allegories of Cinema: American Film in the Sixties'' (1989), pp. 58–84. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Krauss, Rosalind E. "Warhol's Abstract Spectacle". In ''Abstraction, Gesture, Ecriture: Paintings from the Daros Collection''. New York: Scalo, 1999, pp. 123–33.

Lippard, Lucy R., ''Pop Art'', Thames and Hudson, 1970 (1985 reprint), ISBN 0-500-20052-1

Scherman, Tony & Dalton, David, ''POP: The Genius of Andy Warhol'', HarperCollins, New York, N.Y. 2009

Suarez, Juan Antonio (1996). ''Bike Boys, Drag Queens, & Superstars: Avant-Garde, Mass Culture, and Gay Identities in the 1960s Underground Cinema.'' Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

External links

Warhol Foundation in New York City

Andy Warhol Collection in Pittsburgh

Time Capsules: the Andy Warhol Collection

FBI file on Andy Warhol

Documentation of recent exhibitions of work by Andy Warhol

Andy Warhol at Brooke Alexander Gallery

Andy Warhol's Empire group on Facebook

David Cronenberg speaking about the work of Andy Warhol">David Cronenberg speaking about the work of Andy Warhol on UbuWeb

Warholstars: Andy Warhol Films, Art and Superstars

Pop Art Masters – Andy Warhol

Art Directors Club biography, portrait and images of work

"Warhol, Soup Cans, Cowboys" (''Studio 360'' radio program, December 10, 2005)

exhibition of 10 statues of liberty in Gallerie Lavignes bastille, Paris 1986

The Andy Warhol Museum of Modern Art – city of origin

Warhol in Paris – slideshow by ''The First Post''

digital painting of Debbie Harry at the Commodore Amiga product launch press conference in 1985">Andy Warhol makes a digital painting of Debbie Harry at the Commodore Amiga product launch press conference in 1985

Andy Warhol: A Documentary film by Ric Burns for PBS

Footage and interview with Andy Warhol at the Anthony D'Offay Gallery in london 1986

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